What are the criteria Postgraduate students use to determine career Dissertation

What are the models Postgraduate understudies use to decide profession decision - Dissertation Example y 3.6 Ethical Considerations 3.7 Research Limitations Chapter 4: Findings and Analysis 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Relative Importance of Factors 4.3 Impact of Internal Factors on the External Factors 4.4 Impact of Internal Factors 4.4.1 Impact of Family Factors 4.4.1.1 Parental Influence 4.4.1.2 Parental Guidance 4.4.2 Impact of Socio-Cultural Factors 4.4.2.1 Cultural Factors 4.4.2.2 Social and Gender Sterotypes 4.4.3 Impact of Emotional Factors 4.4.3.1 Impact of Anxiety Levels 4.4.3.2 Impact of Life View 4.4.3.3 Self Concept and Identity 4.4.4 Impact of Self-Efficacy 4.4.5 Impact of Personal Interest 4.4. 6 Impact of Personality Factors 4.5 Impact of External Factors 4.5.1 Impact of Image of the Institute 4.5.2 Impact of Marketing Activities 4.5.3 Impact of Resources and Facities of the Institute 4.5.4 Impact of Culture 4.5.4.1 Impact of Policies and Procedures 4.5.4.2 Impact of Classroom Teaching Methods 4.5.5 Impact of Placement and Campus Recruitment 4.5.6 Impact of Financial Support 4 .5.7 Impact of Research Funding Available to the Institute 4.5.8 Impact of Location of the Institute Chapter 5: Conclusions 5.1 Summary of Research Findings 5.2 Limitations of Research Scope for Future Research List of Figures and Tables Figure 1: Parental Influence Figure 2: Impact of Parental Guidance Figure 3: Impact of Culture Figure 4: Impact of Socal and Gender Sterotypes Figure 5: Impact of Anxiety Levels Figure 6: Impact of Life View Figure 7: Awareness of Life’s Aims Figure 8: Ability to Gather the Information Figure 9: Ability to Analyze the Information Figure 10: Awareness of Interests and Aptitude Figure 11: Impact of Personality Factors Figure12: Impact of Image of Institute Figure 13: Impact of Marketing and Promotional Activities Figure 14: Impact of Resources and... The ebb and flow inquire about is intended to evaluate the significant variables which impact the postgraduate understudies in the executives to decide their profession decisions. The examination was led among 40 administration understudies who were chosen in an irregular way from the administration course in X establishment. The examination was directed utilizing quantitative overview poll that was sent and gathered utilizing messages. It was discovered that Promotional Activities of the Institute, Image of the Institute, Placements and Alumni record of the establishment and Resources and Facilities of the Institute involved the most significant components that were utilized by the understudies to evaluate their vocation decisions. What's more, inner components like parental impact, consciousness of life points and interests, parental direction and culture were seen as significance influencers in the profession choice makig process. The exploration likewise found that components lik e picture of the establishment is greately affected by parental direction, parental impact and culture, and significance of arrangement record as a measures of vocation decision is exceptionally corresponded with both family and individual intrigue and self-personality factors. The exploration examinations the discoveries with the point of filling the holes in the accessible research and giving further motivation to future research in the equivalent area.Higher Educational Institutes (HEI) are confronting an expanded rivalry as far as getting legislative or private financing for investigate and furthermore experience the ill effects of a lessening application numbers from understudies

Individual Assignment Essay Example For Students

Singular Assignment Essay Thoroughly analyze two critical thinking techniques, select one of these and apply it to a circumstance in your association. The last ought to be written for a 'situation study' formatIntroduction ? What is a Problem?In a people proficient and public activity, they will have goals or wanted results that they plan to reach. These might be in getting ready to take a family occasion or meeting a high deals focus at work. Over the span of accomplishing that objective they will experience either an event or snag that forestalls the individual accomplishing the ideal point or target. This condition or error is an issue. It is keeping the person from accomplishing their ideal situation in the way that they had arranged or had seen it would be accomplished. The critical thinking technique that an association will decide to endeavor to take care of these issues will decide their system and general way to deal with critical thinking. It will figure out what instruments and methods they use to aid their procedures. The correlation between a hard frameworks way to deal with critical thinking and a delicate frameworks approach furnishes us with two totally different viewpoints and depend on contrasting principal suppositions on how individuals communicate. Hard Systems Thinking OptimisationIn the years after the Second World War, when exercises from military tasks were applied to modern organizations and Government offices, an enthusiasm for frameworks thoughts created in numerous fields. This intrigue was motioned by the development of the Society for General Systems Research in 1954, a gathering of individuals who were keen on applying frameworks thinking in customary controls. The fundamental rule that a hard framework thinking underlines is the utilization of evaluation and estimation to get frameworks. This procedure is planned to decrease the degree of vulnerability that is related with facing issues and the potential choices that are accessible to endeavor to take care of the issues. The center conviction of hard frameworks approaches are that justification and systematization of critical thinking procedures will prompt the best choices being made. Delicate Systems Thinking ? AppreciationSoft frameworks thinking and the related ways to deal with critical thinking have grown fundamentally in the course of recent decades. The methodologies depend on the conviction that since people sees are abstract encounters, there is no single reality. This implies people will see and decipher exercises distinctively dependent on their own social, social and political encounters. As individuals see circumstances in an unexpected way, it is unimaginable to precisely characterize an issue and therefore, there is no chance to create an ideal arrangement. Delicate frameworks thinking tends to hierarchical critical thinking using ceaseless learning and correspondence. These will expand an associations' ability for critical thinking. The crucial point is to make a Learning Organization whose' objectives are not to take care of issues in a split second, however to consider dangerous regions as the associations' individuals from familiarity with the issues identified with the territories expand and develop. The Comparison among Hard and Soft Systems Problem Solving MethodologiesHard frameworks approaches are portrayed by the essential presumption that a conclusive issue articulation can distinguish the critical thinking process. This obviously characterized issue structures for establishment for all the resulting organized advances. The end purpose of the procedure is to change the framework in a manner that takes out the issue. When an issue has been obviously recognized, the procedure that follows centers around distinguishing and assessing elective arrangements. On the other hand, delicate frameworks issue solvers accept there are no issues holding on to be tackled in light of the fact that the issue is being ordered through a people molding and observation. Because of this reasoning they perceive that there are no perpetual arrangements, just enhancements. These become a consistent arrangement of on going enhancements, which are viewed as facilities. A helpful method of contrasting the two approachs is with consider two distinct models that have been built up that utilization the elective standards as talked about above. N. K. Kwak and S. A. DeLurglo have built up a seven phase critical thinking process that depends on the standards of Operations Research (OR). Or on the other hand is an utilization of hard frameworks imagining that utilizes distinctive numerical methods to tackle explicit sorts of issues. It approaches issues by utilizing the logical technique for request. Diminish Checkland's delicate framework strategy as likewise a seven stage consecutive model. It is a case of a model that utilizes intelligent arranging. Intelligent arranging is participative. It requires the immediate contribution of partners. It requests that partners make arrangements to accomplish whatever they accept to be important.Stage1 of the OR procedure is the difficult plan. This incorporates characterizing the object of the investigation, proportions of adequacy and productivity and the limits to the framework. It distinguishes controllable factors and wild factors. This methodology in itself completes two things. It is promptly suggesting that we will go to a limited outcome toward the finish of the procedure. It is additionally recognizing that it isn't in a shut framework. At the end of the day, it is qualifying the procedure by expressing that there are components that may well impact the circumstance yet are outside the ability to control of the frameworks capacities. Candide - A Contrast To Optimism EssayStage 3 Forming Root DefinitionsThe significant connection between the partners and their frameworks of activity is that they are working in a 24 hours every day, 365 days per year condition together. In specific regards, their endurance is between dependant. On the off chance that the stuff framework isn't proceeding as wanted, different interests won't have the option to meet their destinations. The chief of the framework will be given responsibility for circumstance and any change that will occur. It will be his obligation to assemble perspectives and discussion the elective procedures that could happen to empower improvement of the framework. The significant thought will be the means by which the activity of the air terminal can be kept up while the upgrades to the framework are actualized. Stage 4 ? Building Conceptual ModelsIt is the duty of the considerable number of partners to consider what they accept are the issues that can be tended to with the framework. The point of this stage is to address and urge the various gatherings to propose enhancements that could be made. Accentuation must be put on innovativeness and no thoughts ought to be stifled. The proprietor of the procedure should then investigate the thoughts, sort them into straightforward classifications and feed them back to all the partners again for additional thought. The data would then be able to be broke down by all the partners and this thusly may touch off another thought that the gathering could consider. Toward the finish of this stage the proprietor of the procedure ought to have the option to identifyseveral improvement recommendations that have been commonly acknowledged by the gathering. This procedure empowers partners to comprehend one anothers perspectives and qualities they place on the framework. Stage 5 Comparing thoughts with realityFollowing the inventive reasoning procedure, it is now that thought is given to how practical the thoughts for development are. The apparent requirements that the group trusts it is working around must be tested and conversations should focus on how the new thoughts might be utilized. Stage 6 Defining ChangesIt is just at this phase the plausibility of the potential options for changing the framework can be resolved. The two models that they should be founded on are precise attractive quality and social worthiness. The orderly allure looks at the specialized benefits of the proposed facilities and, for this situation, will be the premise of for the best weighting of the determination. For instance, the gathering will have requirements on the corridor that the stuff framework works inside and recommendations for extension of the current framework might be unachievable. The social adequacy of the thoughts may likewise require thought. In the event that one of the proposed upgrades includes an adjustment in the degree of manual treatment of things, this could have an unfavorable impact to lesson of the workers. Stage 7 Taking ActionThe execution of the proposals that were both adequate and doable to all requires activity that is guided by the new mindfulness created by the learning procedure that has been attempted. The point is that, as and when the upgrades are attempted, another circumstance happens and the cycle should start once more. The gathering, with all the partners spoke to, must proceed to examine and propose now thoughts for thought with an objective to refine the framework. BibliographyReferences N.K. Kwak and S. A. DeLurgio, Quantitative Models for Business Decisions (North Sciatuate, Mass. U.S.A; Duxbury Press, 1980) J. Rosenhead, Rational Analysis for a Problematic World (Chichester, England ; John Wiley and Sons, 1989) S. Cavaleri and K. Obloj, Management Systems (K Wadsworth,1993)

Basic Steps For Business Research Paper Writing

Basic Steps For Business Research Paper WritingBusiness research papers are valuable to the business and can give an added boost to the income of your business. This means that if you can do your business research well, you can also make your business more profitable in the long run. The following steps will guide you on how to make your business research papers excellent and successful.The first step is for you to write the business research paper. Writing a good paper that helps the reader in doing business will have to be your first objective. There are various ways to write a research paper but it is important to make the whole paper not only informative but concise as well.Make sure that your research paper will tell the reader all the benefits of the service or product. Give importance to your target audience and if possible, include testimonials from your target audience. If there are people who have dealt with the company, including their comments will give you a better under standing of the product and services that they have used. In addition, you should provide all the information that your readers need in order to make a decision to buy the product or service.To keep your research paper interesting, highlight the key points. Let your audience understand the business potential of the product or service by using key terms and informative headlines. Your research paper will be appreciated if it highlights both benefits and drawbacks of the product or service. Make sure that you use positive words and communicate clearly the benefits and disadvantages of the product or service.Write about your research paper in an interesting way. Provide illustrations and graphs. These images will provide a better understanding of the subject matter and will motivate the readers to continue reading your research paper.Your research paper is a part of your marketing plan and must be developed properly. It should cover the benefits and the disadvantages of the product or service and be attractive to read. Also, make sure that the writing of your research paper is clean and readable. You can get help from professional writers or from your existing staff.Follow these tips to make your business research paper excellent and effective. With proper business research paper writing, you can attract the attention of the target audience and get them to buy your products or services.

Religion of Islam - 3119 Words

The first thing that one should know and clearly understand about Islam is what the word Islam itself means. The religion of Islam is not named after a person as in the case of Christianity which was named after Jesus Christ, Buddhism after Gotama Buddha, Confucianism after Confucius, and Marxism after Karl Marx. Nor was it named after a tribe like Judaism after the tribe of Judah and Hinduism after the Hindus. Islam is the true religion of Allah and as such, its name represents the central principle of Allahs Gods religion; the total submission to the will of Allah God. The Arabic word Islam means the submission or surrender of ones will to the only true god worthy of worship Allah and anyone who does so is termed a†¦show more content†¦This basic principle is enshrined in the opening chapter of the Quraan, known as Soorah Al-Faatihah, verse 4: You alone do we worship and from you alone do we seek help. Elsewhere, in the final book of revelation, the Quraan, Allah also said: And your Lord says:Call on Me and I will answer your(prayer).(Soorsh Mumin 40:60) it is worth noting that the basic message of Islam is that Allah and His creation are distinctly different entities. Neither is Allah His creation or a part of it, nor is His creation Him or a part of Him. This might seem obvious, but, mans worship of creation instead of the Creator is to a large degree based on ignorance of this concept. It is the belief that the essence of Allah is everywhere in His creation or that His divine being is or was present in some aspects of His creation, which has provided justification for the worship of creation though such worship maybecalled the worship of Allah through his creation. How ever, the message of Islam as brought by the prophets of Allah is to worship only Allah and to avoid the worship of his creation either directly or indirectly. In the Ouraan Allah clearlystates: For We assuredly sent amongst every people a prophet,(with the command) worship meand avoid false gods (Soorsh Al-Nahl 16:36) When the idol worshipper is questioned as to why he or she bows down to idols created by men, the invariable replyShow MoreRelatedThe Religion Of Islam And Islam1544 Words   |  7 Pagesand Islam are not exclusive and need not to be in competition. Instead, they overlap, and share common principles of justice and progress, tolerance and the dignity of all human beings† (Barack Obama). For many decades, in most cultures, religious practice has been a controversial issue, because each religion competes demonstrating that their practices are the true path to God. Religious tolerance is very important because followers should be free to choose their own religion. Some religions areRead MoreIslam Is A Religion Of Islam Essay2012 Words   |  9 PagesIslam is one of the oldest religions in the world, and with that has one of the biggest populations of followers and worshipers. However, it is also a very misunderstood religion. Muslims are extremely religious people, and they stric tly follow the Qur’an, however in the past there have been incidences, in which Arabs have done harm. These acts of few had a negative impact on the lives of many. After these events terroristic events took place, non-Muslims began to fear all Arabs and target them asRead MoreIslam Is A Religion Of Islam2646 Words   |  11 PagesIslam is Peace said by George W Bush the U.S. President at Islamic Center of Washington, D.C after the terrible 9/11 attacks. The president’s speech’s main point was to calm down the American streets and the fear inside the citizens towards Muslims people. However, Islam is a religion that is found globally and guided by the Sharia laws which are in their religious book called the Quran. They worship their God Allah through his messenger Mohammed. Islam is prohibiting its followers from the democracyRead MoreIslam Religion1105 Words   |  5 PagesIslam is not only a religion but also a civilization since it is represented by over one billion Muslims and over 50 Muslim states. Emerging as a civilization influenced by religious beliefs and practices, Islam influenced different groups of people in diverse stages of history and in different countries. A major part of the Islamic faith is the strong belief in an afterlife. Muslims spend their life preparing for their death and the bliss they will face if they follow the rules and life style ofRead MoreThe Religion Of Islam And Islam3231 Words   |  13 PagesABSTRACT The religion of Islam has become a controversial issue in today’s 21st century. In spite of excessively negative representations by Western propaganda, increasing numbers of the population are pursuing to learn more about the wonderful religion of Islam. More frequently than not, these people are becoming more pleasantly startled by the product of their exploration. In fact, increasing numbers of people are embracing Islam nowadays then they did prior to the horrific attacks on SeptemberRead MoreIslam Religion2627 Words   |  11 PagesPeter Youmans Class: RS 130 â€Å"Intro to Comparative Religion† Date: October, 19 2012 I grew up in a household that believed in Christianity and we went to church every Sunday. That church was my foundation, my love and honestly, it was all I knew. At that time, in my community anything other than Christianity just wasn’t accepted and I often wondered why. Although I thoroughly love Christianity, I still wanted to explore our other worldly religions. In doing this paper, I realized that this wasRead MoreReligion of Islam3105 Words   |  13 Pagesunderstand about Islam is what the word Islam itself means. The religion of Islam is not named after a person as in the case of Christianity which was named after Jesus Christ, Buddhism after Gotama Buddha, Confucianism after Confucius, and Marxism after Karl Marx. Nor was it named after a tribe like Judaism after the tribe of Judah and Hinduism after the Hindus. Islam is the true religion of Allah and as such, its name represents the central principle of Allahs Gods religion; the total submissionRead MoreThe Rel igion Islam1796 Words   |  8 Pages| The Religion Islam | The Religion Islam What is Islam? The word Islam means submission to the will of God. The religion of Islam is the acceptance of and obedience to the teachings of God which the Muslims—followers of Islam—believe God revealed to his last prophet. Muslims believe that there is only one God. The Arabic word for God is Allah which means, the one and only true God who created the whole universe. According to Muslims, God sent a number of prophets to mankind to teach themRead MoreIslamic Religion Of Islam And Islam2553 Words   |  11 Pagesthese four words establish the fundamental explanation of the word Islam. A deep study of Islamic teachings and thought reveals that Islam is a religion of peace, security and protection; the true believers in the sight of God and His Messenger are those who embody those qualities. The dominant religion of Islam has been the center of much attention and controversy in today’s civilization. The Western perspective subjugates Islam and the Muslim cou nterparts as violent, aggressive, deviant and terroristic;Read MoreIslam : A Unique Religion1208 Words   |  5 PagesIslam is a unique religion that was founded by a prophet named Muhammad in the 7th century. The religion came at a time when various religions such as Judaism, Christians and other polytheistic religions dominated. The previous religions managed to coexist and even share common grounds such as the Ka’aba. Both Islam and Christian religions were based off of tradition and customs from the tribe’s fathers before them. Their religious customs ran rapid throughout the Mediterranean and especially in

Essay about Iliad and The Odyssey by Homer - 1702 Words

An epic poem is a long narrative poem, normally having to do with a serious subject while covering heroic deeds and events important for a culture or nation. Homer, the author of Iliad and the Odyssey, is perhaps the most famous and notable writer of epics. Inspired directly from the stories that had been passed down orally over the centuries, Homer wrote these epic poems retelling the stories of the last year of the Trojan War and Odysseus’s journey home after the Trojan War. These epics are filled with supernatural events such as gods lending their power to a hero, allowing him to slay row after row of troops and gods going directly onto the battlefield to help turn the tide in a battle. The grandeur of these events are indicative of†¦show more content†¦However, Achilles returned to battle with incredible wrath after his companion Patroclus, who was wearing Achilles armor to intimidate and drive the Trojans away from the Achaeans’ ships, was slain by Apollo . Achilles sought out Hector, the incredibly skilled commander of the Trojan army, and killed him in rage. He then continued to kill more Trojans but was shot by Paris in the ankle, his only weak spot, which resulted in his death. While it seemed as if the war was at a stalemate, Odysseus of Ithaca devised a plan for the Achaeans to infiltrate the walls of Troy while contained inside a massive wooden horse, a fake gift to the Trojans. This plan succeeded as the Achaeans attacked Troy from inside the walls and burned the city to the ground, leaving the city in ruins. This marks the end of the Trojan War as told by Homer in the Iliad. The stories told of the Trojan War were widely accepted as fact for many centuries after the age of Homer. However, as more people sought out actual proof of the events and none was found, the Trojan War and Troy began to be accepted as a myth and legend. This continued up until Heinrich Schliemann’s discovery of Troy in the early 1870s. Determined to find the lost city of Troy on the Greek mainland where the conquerors of Troy lived but without any previous experience in archaeology, Schliemann used the Homeric poems as guides to pinpoint the locationShow MoreRelatedHomer s The Iliad And The Odyssey Essay1590 Words   |  7 PagesOne of the greatest and highly esteemed authors throughout all of history is known simply as Homer. Homer is the author who gave a visible, written form to two of the greatest and highly respected epic stories of the world of the ancient Greeks, the Iliad and The Odyssey. However, none are certain of the time in which Homer lived. It is believed now that, if Homer was at all more than myth himself, he did not create the two stories, rather he organized or edited the poems in a written form (Bloom)Read MoreAnalysis Of Homer s The Iliad And The Odysseys1428 Words   |  6 PagesHomer’s The Iliad and The Odysseys are depicted on the vases. Each vase has a story and the painters depict the moments or events in the poem in the exact way Homer describes. However, some depictions on the vases could be dramatized by the painters because the painter brought their imagination from the story of Homer. Through the Ancient Greek vases, we can get new information or background information about the Homer’s poem and we can understand the scenes better in the Iliad and the odysseys even thoughRead MoreAnalysis Of Homer s The Iliad And The Odysseys1428 Words   |  6 PagesHomer’s The Iliad and The Odysseys are depicted on the vases. Each vase has a story and the painters depict the moments or events in the poem in the e xact way Homer describes. However, some depictions on the vases could be dramatized by the painters because the painter brought their imagination from the story of Homer. Through the Ancient Greek vases, we can get new information or background information about the Homer’s poem and we can understand the scenes better in the Iliad and the odysseys even thoughRead MoreAnalysis Of Homer s The Iliad And The Odyssey Essay1606 Words   |  7 PagesBy examining the roles that women play in Homer’s epic poems, The Iliad and The Odyssey, the political divide becomes even more apparent. The role of women is clearly defined throughout these literary works, and some of what Homer teaches us is still pertinent today. One such instance that draws attention to the political divide is the structure of leadership in Ithaca. Penelope in The Odyssey assumes a position of power while Odysseus is away from Ithaca fighting in the Trojan War. She defies theRead MoreHeroes Found in the I liad and the Odyssey by Homer767 Words   |  3 Pagescustomary to find a very strong social prototype in society , especially in men, heroes are usually found in every story, such is the case of the literary works of the Iliad and the Odyssey by Homer. Homer’s poems reflect the qualities that should be found on men of this stage, these were predominantly heroic values. Is Homer building an ideal world through his poems? Is he writing about the quiet desires of every man and woman of Greece from these times? The ideal hero has its characteristicsRead MoreHomer s Epic Poems, The Iliad And The Odyssey1254 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Greek Poet Homer. Actually, there are many who believe that no such ‘Homer’ ever even existed in Ancient Greece. Nonetheless, it is agreed that Homer is one of the first writers that have shaped our culture immensely. Homer gives us a look into what morals the Greeks followed and what their beliefs were. Homer shows us how the Greeks put these beliefs into action by presenting multiple struggles that our characters must go through. Homer’s epic poems, The Iliad and The Odyssey, are thousandsRead MoreEssay on The Mysterious Homer, Author of The Odyssey and The Iliad663 Words   |  3 PagesThe Mysterious Homer, Author of The Odyssey and The Iliad   A sketchy figure by the name of Homer is given credit for the two great epic poems of ancient Greece. The Odyssey and The Iliad influenced Greek culture, education, and morality. Little is known about Homer and many scholars question whether he existed at all. (Encarta) Some say two different unknown authors wrote the two poems. (Britannica) Others say that many oral poets were responsible for the finished products. (Britannica) In thisRead MoreAnalysis Of Homer s Epic Of The Iliad And Odyssey903 Words   |  4 PagesWith this personal narrative, I will analyze two themes from Homer’s epic’s pertaining to the Iliad and the Odyssey. I have chosen hospitality (Xenia) and shame (Aidos) as the subject of interest, and will focus on these as a main source of the topic. Xenia is the ancient Greek word for â€Å"hospitality†, which is the consideration and kindness shown to those who are far from home and/or associates of the person bestowing xenia upon them. The rituals of hospitality created and conveyed a reciprocalRead MoreGreek Mythology By Homer s Odyssey, Iliad And Hesiod s Theogony2522 Words   |  11 Pages Different regions of the Greek empire had different heroes with their own traditions, and thus Greek mythology was firmly tied to it geographical location. Geography and physical places helped shape Greek mythology to a large extent. Homer’s Odyssey, Iliad and Hesiod’s Theogony are examples of Greek mythology where the myth is tied with the geographical space. With the mention of place, these poets strive to appeal to as many city-states as possible. Mentioning as many places and incidents occurringRead MoreComparison Of Virgil s The Aeneid, The Iliad And Homer s `` The Odyssey `` Essay1155 Words   |  5 Pagesthe outcome will remain the same. The idea of being able to control one’s own fate is laughed at. This idea of a definite destiny is found in both Virgil’s â€Å"The Aeneid† and Homer’s â€Å"The Odyssey.† Both hero’s lives are shaped by their destiny and it forces them to make difficult decisions. In â€Å"The Odyssey† Homer presents us with an epic hero, Odysseus. A man who fought in the Trojan War and won. All he wants is to return home and be with his family. He was given a prophecy by the seer Tiresias

Australian Corporation Law - Advantages & Benefits Free Solution

Table of Contents Rule Application Solution I Solution II References Rule Section 180 (1) of the Australian Corporation Act (ACA) requires that the test for degree of care and diligence of a director in the discharge of his duties and exercise of his powers would be the same which a reasonable man would be expected in the same circumstances, if he would be the director of the company. Nowhere in section 180 (1), it is mentioned about the education or background of a person. Section 180 (2) has been provided as safeguard in case of breach of duty of care and negligence by the director of a company. But only if the following requirements of the section 180 (2) are fulfilled by a director, then he can take the defense of this section to avoid his liability as a director for breach of duty of care. His business judgment was exercised in good faith and for the appropriate purpose He did not have any material interest on a personal front in the subject matter of his decision. He informed other directors of the company about the his judgment decision. He logically believed that the decision taken by him was in the best interests of the company. Sections 182-183: provide that it is the duty of the director of the company that he should not take misuse or take advantage of his position or any information for his personal benefits or for causing detriment to the company. It is recognized as a conflict of interests of the director, arising due to his position of being a fiduciary in different companies. The common law prohibits the director to take advantage of his position for his benefit. Section 189 provides that if a director of a company relies on any information given by an employee of the company in good faith, whom he considers to be reliable and acting towards the benefit of the company, then such reliance of the director upon that employee is considered as reasonable in law. Section 190 (2) provides that if certain powers are delegated by the director of the company to a person then he will not be responsible for any acts done by that person only if the director believed: In good faith; On reasonable grounds and; Did proper inquiry if the inquiry was indicated by the existing circumstances; that the delegated person was reliable and exercised his power carefully. Sections 1317S and 1318 of the Act grants powers to the court to provide relief to a director from civil liabilities, if he fairly deserves to be excused. 1317 E: The ASIC can apply to the court to declare contravention of the breach of directors duty. 1317G: After the declaration, it can also seek for order of pecuniary penalty under this section 588 (H): This is the defense available to a director who makes a breach of duty under section 588 (G). He can escape liability by proving the three required conditions; he had reasonable ground to believe the company to be a solvent, but he did not participate in the management of company on account of being a non-executive director, Section 26 (2) of the Corporate Affairs Commission: may impose a civil pecuniary penalty of $200,000 and if he makes a breach of provision of civil penalty, then he may be subjected to criminal proceedings as well under the Section 184 (2) of the Corporation Act. The Australian Securities and Investment Commission (ASIC) can definitely take action against Roger. It can apply to the court for the following: A contravention declaration. Order for pecuniary penalty. Order for compensation. Section 206C: provides that the commission may disqualify a director from his position. Section 588 (G): provides that it is the breach of duty by the director if: At the time, the company incurred debt, he/she was director of that company. The company had been either already insolvent or became insolvent due to the incurring of debt. There existed reasonable grounds to suspect that the company would become insolvent The director was aware of such grounds; or Any reasonable person, in similar circumstances would be aware. He/she became unsuccessful in preventing the company from insolvent trading. Application 1.Question- Growfast Pty Ltd (Growfast) operates a wholesale nursery growing and selling garden plants. Sam, Peter and Rose are the only shareholders and directors. Sam manages the company's day-to-day operations. Peter, who left school at 14 and has no tertiary qualifications, is in charge of the nursery. Rose is a non-executive director who does not take an active part in the management or operations of the company. Until recently, Growfast has been very profitable. However, six months ago, a competing business opened nearby and since then Growfast's profits have dropped considerably. Sam thinks that Growfast should move to larger premises in a different area. Without consulting Peter or Rose he starts looking for new premises and he decides the first place he inspects is perfect, although the price is more than Growfast can comfortably afford. Sam does not think this will be a problem, because there is no competition nearby and he expects that profits will recover immediately. Sam calls a board meeting and tells Peter and Rose that moving will solve all the company's problems and that this property he has seen is absolutely perfect for Growfast. He says they will have to act quickly as there is another interested purchaser. Sam does not tell Peter and Rose that he only looked at this one property. He is so enthusiastic that both Peter and Rose agree to the proposal even though Rose is doubtful, feeling that they are being rushed into making a decision without being given time to consider other alternatives. Peter agrees to Sam's proposal without really understanding the financial implications. Growfast purchases the new premises but, because of continuing dry weather, its profits remain low. Rose is becoming worried about her obligations as a director, especially if Growfast's financial position deteriorates any further. (a) Advise Rose about: (i) her position in respect of any breaches of her general law or statutory duty of care and diligence as a director; (ii) whether her decision to agree to the purchase of the new premises would be protected by s 180(2); and (iii) any possible liability for insolvent trading under s 588G if Growfast became insolvent. (b) Advise Peter as to his position in respect of any breaches of his duty of care and any possible liability for insolvent trading if Growfast becomes insolvent. Solution I: a.(i) Rose does not seem to have fulfilled the conditions of section 180, 189 and 190. In spite of being suspicious about the circumstances, she did not try to inquire about the reasonableness of the Sams decision with regard to the future aspects of shifting the nursery. She could take the defense of sections 189 and 90 only if he had done suitable precautions in ding inquiry about Sams decision and would have found Sam to be taking an appropriate decision in her opinion. Her carelessness amounted to breach of her duties as a director. In the recent case, James Hardie decisions: ASIC v Hellicar Ors; Shafron v ASI, it was held that the several non-executive directors breached their duty of care and diligence in exercising their powers as directors and are expected to be cautious in the major decisions. In another case, Australian Securities and Investments Commission v Rich and Others, it was held, in spite of the fact that a director was a non-executive director, owing to his qualification and experience, he had a responsibility towards the corporation and also had the duties of a director and was thus accountable for breach of duty of care and diligence on his part. (ii) Hence, it can be said that Rose would be liable for breach of duty of care and diligence as a director and would be liable for the consequences. In this case, although Rose had no dishonest intention or personal interest in the judgement decision taken by her, but she had some doubt that the business judgement decision was being taken in a hurry. But, she did not take necessary precautions as required by section 1318. Nor did she herself believe that the decision was actually in the best interests of the company, as required by the last condition of section 180 (2). As demonstrated in a similar case, ASIC v Rich, It was held that it was not a reasonable explanation given by director that an important duty of financial transaction was delegated to a person and he completely relied on that person. It was held that the director did not act in a proper manner and with precautions. (iii) Hence, Rose is not likely to be protected under section 180 (2) and would be held liable for breach of her duty. In the given case, Rose already suspected about the decision of Sam and had reasonable grounds to suspect that the company would become insolvent. In spite of all the existing circumstances and the doubts, rose failed to take any steps to prevent the company from insolvent trading and supported Sam in trading, while the company incurred debt. Thus, Rose would be liable for insolvent trading under section 588 (G) as mentioned above. (b)Thus, the situation of Peter would be same as that of Rose, in case the company becomes insolvent. The lack of education of Peter will not make any difference. In a similar case of Gamble v Hoffman., the director was not allowed to take a defense of the ignorance and lack of education to avoid his liability.Rather, due to lack of understanding of Peter, he would probably not be able to take the defense of section 189 and 190, as he was not in a position to delegate the powers to Sam. In case of insolvent trading also, he would be able to take the defense of section 588 (H) more appropriately. His ignorance would prove beyond reasonable doubt that he did not take part in the proceedings of the company. Peter will not be able to take the defense of sections 189, 190 but will be able to take of section 588 (H). 2.Question-Roger is a director of two companies: BHT Pty Ltd and Rubicon Pty Ltd. Both companies are in the business of property development. Whilst on a business trip for Rubicon in the United States he comes across a development site which he purchases by paying a deposit. He indicates on the contract of sale that the purchaser is BHT Pty Ltd. The development site was sold for $2.5 million. Roger justifies his purchase of the site for BHT on the basis that Rubicon could not afford the site anyway and would most likely not be interested in developing a site overseas since all of their properties are located in Australia. (a) Is Roger in breach of his directors' duties with Rubicon Pty Ltd? (b) Does Roger have an arguable defence? In your view would his defence succeed? (c) What could Roger do now to prevent any further repercussions under the Corporations Act? (d) Could the Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC) take action against Roger? Solution II: (a)Roger made a breach of duty under section 182-83. He misappropriated the opportunity provided by Rubican Pty Ltd and bought a development site for BHT Pty. Ltd. He had the fiduciary relationship with the Rubican Pty. Ltd. on account of his position as a director of the Rubican. He misappropriated that relationship and took advantage of that position for buying property for BHT Pty Ltd. and it can be assumed that he did that for personal profits. As it was held in the Regal (Hastings) Ltd v Gulliver, that irrespective of the intention of a person, if a person gains profit on account of being a director of a company and takes advantage of his position, liable to pay for that profit. Thus, Roger made a breach of his duty under section 182-183 of the Australian Corporation Act and would be liable to pay for the profits made by him and civil proceedings may be initiated against him. (b)In Permanent Building Society (in liq) v McGee, the court took a strict view that if director being the director of two companies, intentionally dd not disclose the lack of resources of one company to pay the loan to another company and allowed the other company to give loan to the first company, he made a breach of fiduciary duty and was liable for the breach.It was held by the court in the case of ASIC v Vizard, that if Vizard misused confidential information of the company owing to his directorship, he was guilty of breach of his duty under section 183. The court disqualified him from managing activities and also made him pay pecuniary penalty.Similarly, Roger is not likely to succeed in his arguments and may have to suffer the civil and/or criminal penalties. Hence, Roger may be directed by the court to pay for damages as compensation for the loss suffered by the company along with a fine and he may also be removed from the position of director along with a 5 years imprisonment. (c)The only option available with Roger is to make a complete disclosure of his conflicting interests to the Rubican company on the first meeting of the Board that he had an interest in a matter which was relevant to the company and to seek ratification for the same. However, Roger should have presented a proposal of buying the development site in front of Rubican, if he would have acted in good faith and then after the Rubicans rejection, he had purchased the site, he would have been on a safer side and would have avoided the liability of breach of his duties Thus, if Roger gets disqualified from managing the affairs of the company, he may apply for a leave to the court to manage the company under Section 206 (B) of the Corporation Act. Moreover, (d) Thus, based on above laws of Section 26 (2), 206 (C) and 588 (G) of the Act, the Commission can demand for disqualification of Roger from the position of directorship, apply to the court for declaring contravention of breach of directors duty by Roger. Moreover, if the prosecution otherwise fails, ASIC has the power to initiate the civil proceedings separately, in case if it desires to pursue the civil remedies against Roger along with th order of pecuniary liability. References: Gilligan, G., Bird, H. and Ramsay, I. (n.d.). Regulating Directors' Duties: How Effective are the Civil Penalty Sanctions in the Australian Corporations Law?. SSRN Journal. Lowry, J. (2012). The Irreducible Core of the Duty of Care, Skill and Diligence of Company Directors: Australian Securities and Investments Commission v Healey. The Modern Law Review, 75(2), pp.249-260. Langford, R. (2011). The Duty of Directors to Act Bona Fide in the Interests of the Company: A Positive Fiduciary Duty? Australia and the UK Compared. J Corp Law Studies, 11(1), pp.215-242. S., N. (1961). Delegation of Duties by Corporate Directors. Virginia Law Review, 47(2), p.278. Tomasic, R. (2001). Governance and the evaluation of corporate law and regulation in australia. Corporate Governance: The international journal of business in society, 1(3), pp.24-32. Ratcliffe, T. (2008). The Companies Act 2006 and key changes to the duties of directors. Strategic Direction, 24(5). Farrer, J. and Ramsay, I. (1998). Director Share Ownership and Corporate Performance - Evidence from Australia. Corporate Governance, 6(4), pp.233-248.

Odyssey and O Brother free essay sample

Thus, we find the modern film depiction of the troubles of a man during the depression is molded by the ancient struggles of Odysseus in Homeris Odyssey. Specifically, three parallels surface in the discussion of the similarities between Homeris classic epic and iO Brother Where Art Thou? The Cyclops encounter for instance, is transcendent between both works. Furthermore, each story contains a comparable perspective of the Lotus Eaters. Finally, the strongest parallel between the iOdysseyi and iO Brother, Where Art Thou? i is the mystical call of the Sirens and the powers of the witch goddess Circe. The Cyclops encounter is transcendent between both works. The Cyclops, in the iOdysseyi and iO Brother, Where Art Thou? i has obvious physical traits that connect the two pieces of work. The Cyclops in each story is a large man, who only has one eye. One website describe the Cyclopes race as, ia rough and uncivilized race of one-eyed giants. We will write a custom essay sample on Odyssey and O Brother or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page i(Spark notes p1) Odysseus describe the giant as, i A prodigious man who slept in his cave alone, and took his flocks to graze afieldremote from all companions, knowing none but savage ways, a brute so huge. i(Wilkie p378) The encounter of the Cyclops shows a great similarity in both of these stories. Odysseus, the main character of the iOdysseyi and Ulysses, the main character of iO Brother, Where Art Thou? i are taken from of state of tranquility and savagely attacked. As described by Odysseus, iSo there all day, until the sun went down, we made our feast on meat galore, and wine. i(p 377) This quote describes Odysseus and his men relaxing and enjoying a feast. Quite similar in iO Brother Where Art Thou,i Ulysses was enjoying a picnic when the savage Cyclops attacked him. When Ulysses and Odysseus were about to enjoy a peaceful day they are overtaken by the Cyclops either imprisoned or robbed. Both Ulysses and Odysseus mentality of a warrior allows them to fight back and eventually defeat the Cyclops. In each story an attempt to blind the creature offers a distraction for each character to escape from the Cyclops. Secondly, each story contains a similar perspective of the Lotus Easters. When you eat the intoxicating fruit of the lotus, as described in the Odyssey, the thought of home, purpose of voyage, and memories of the past are no longer important. Odysseus and his men arrive at the land of the Lotus-Eaters and become addicted and drawn to the fruit. They are so leered to the fruit, that it becomes a mindless obsession. iO Brother, Where Art Thou? becomes parallel to the story of the Lotus-Eaters when Ulysses and his men are baptized. Websteris dictionary defines baptism as, ithe Christian sacrament of sin and spiritual rebirth as a Christian. i Both the iOdysseyi and iO Brother Where Art Thou? i describe a rebirth and new thinking. The things of the past are no longer important. Rebirth of the soul and becoming filled with the spirit are identical to the intoxication of the f ruit. Therefore, the producers of iO Brother, Where Art Thou? i are describing baptisms as a new beginning and new thought, then comparing it to the lotus eaters of the iOdyssey. Finally, the strongest parallel between the iOdysseyi and iO Brother, Where Art Thou? i is the mystical call of the Sirens and the powers of the witch-goddess Circe. This parallel is the strongest element of comparison because it is very similar how each story describes the Sirens. Odysseus is told in the iOdyssey,i iSquare in your shipis path are the Sirens, crying beauty to bewitch men coasting by. i (p 421) Both Ulysses and Odysseus use wax to avoid the Sirens. Ulysses hair smelling of wax, (hair wax) and Odysseus instructing his men to put wax in their ears is enough to avoid the Sirens seductive song in each story. Avoiding the Sirens allows both Ulysses and Odysseus to continue on their purpose of journey, to get home. Another striking similarity is the witch goddess of Circe. In the iOdyssey,i Circe turns one of Odysseus men into a pig. Parallel to the Homeric epic, one of Ulysses men was supposedly turned into a frog. These two strong parallels sum up an obvious influence of Homeric work in iO Brother, Where Art Thou? i The movie iO Brother Where Art Thou? i is strikingly similar to Homeris iOdyssey,i in both plot and character description. Specifically, three parallels surface in the discussion of the similarities between the iOdysseyi and iO Brother, Where Art Thou? i The Cyclops encounter for instance, is transcendent between both works. Furthermore, each story contains a similar perspective of the Lotus Eaters. Finally, the strongest parallel between the iOdysseyi and iO Brother, Where Art Thou? i is the mystical call of the Sirens and the powers of the witch-goddess Circe. Thus, we find the modern film depiction of the trouble of a man during the depression is being shaped by the ancient struggles of Odysseus in Homeris iOdyssey.